Objective To understand the cognition and acceptance of Internet hospitals among residents in Pudong New District of Shanghai and provide reference and suggestions for the construction of Internet hospitals.Methods A questionnaire was designed to investigate the cognition and acceptance of Internet hospitals.  The snowball sampling method was used to conduct the questionnaire survey, through the Wenjuanxing questionnaire platform.Results The residents participating in the survey had certain cognition and experience in using Internet hospitals, 62.00% of them used Internet hospitals, and the most used service item was online appointment (90.08%). The highest educational qualification (t=10.613), age (t=-4.459), type of medical insurance (t=-2.784) and daily work connected with the Internet (t=3.720) were the factors influencing the acceptance of Internet hospitals (P<0.05). Pearson analysis showed that comparative advantage (r=0.816) and personal and environmental impact (r=0.789) were positively correlated with the Internet hospitals (P<0.001), while safety factors(r=-0.100) were negatively correlated with the Internet hospitals (P<0.05).Conclusion It is of practical significance to improve the supporting construction of Internet hospitals, give full play to the comparative advantages of Internet hospitals, create a good publicity environment, improve the supporting policies and management systems, and reduce risk factors, so as to enhance residents′ awareness and willingness to use Internet hospitals.